Japan External Trade Organization. "Food Sanitation Law in Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 1 March 2008. Poor sanitation can also have a ripple effect when it hinders national development because workers are suffering from illnesses and living shorter lives, producing and earning less, and unable to afford education and stable futures for their children. Inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services in India’s health facilities contributes to the high neonatal mortality rate, which is currently 24 deaths per 1000 live births.

Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal." [11] Mara, Duncan (2017). "The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals". Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 7 (1): 1–12. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2017.027. ISSN 2043-9083. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21 . Retrieved 2017-08-17.To support lagging states and districts, UNICEF works in 16 states and 192 districts, technically supports the Government, assists in alternative service delivery approaches, and mobilizes public institutions and partners, including the private sector, around WASH services. Ecological sanitation, which is commonly abbreviated to ecosan, is an approach, rather than a technology or a device which is characterized by a desire to “close the loop” (mainly for the nutrients and organic matter) between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner. Put in other words: “Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta resources (plant nutrients and organic matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of non-renewable resources is minimised”. When properly designed and operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe, economical, and closed-loop system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to the soil, and water to be returned to the land. Ecosan is also called resource-oriented sanitation. a b Harvey, Peter; etal. (2007). Excreta disposal in emergencies a field manual: an inter-agency publication. Loughborough: Loughborough university. Water, engineering and development centre (WEDC). p.250. ISBN 978-1-84380-113-9. Between 1990 and 2015, the country’s population equation reversed from 36% living in urban areas to 64% living in rural areas to 54% in urban and 46% rural (UNICEF and WHO, 2015) UNICEF extended the objective of eradicating open defecation to effective solid and liquid waste management in all cities and villages. By 2019, according to the latest estimates, the number of people without access to toilets has reduced significantly by an estimated 450 million people.

Gius, Mark; Subramanian, Ramesh (2015). "The Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India". Journal of Economics and Development Studies. 3 (1). doi: 10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2. ISSN 2334-2382.Sanitation infrastructure has to be adapted to several specific contexts including consumers' expectations and local resources available. Conant, Jeff (2005). Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment (PDF). Berkeley, California, USA: The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida. p.6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-21. A significant amount of our work occurs in fragile and emergency settings to help prepare for and respond to humanitarian emergencies. This includes transporting water, ensuring it is purified, and constructing toilets in refugee camps and transit centres. We work to construct water and sanitation facilities that outlast the emergency, while providing clear leadership and accountability in humanitarian response. The Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2010. [16] [17] [18] It has been recognized in international law through human rights treaties, declarations and other standards. It is derived from the human right to an adequate standard of living. [19] Another definition is in the DFID guidance manual on water supply and sanitation programmes from 1998: [14]

There is a vast number of professions that are involved in the field of sanitation, for example on the technical and operations side: sanitation workers, waste collectors, sanitary engineers. UN Habitat and WHO, 2021. Progress on wastewater treatment – Global status and acceleration needs for SDG indicator 6.3.1. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. These estimates of the annual number of deaths attributed to a wide range of risk factors are shown here. a b Daudey, Loïc (2018). "The cost of urban sanitation solutions: a literature review". Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 8 (2): 176–195. doi: 10.2166/washdev.2017.058. ISSN 2043-9083. of the global urban population, and 51% of the rural population is using improved sanitation facilities in 2015, as per the JMP definition of " improved sanitation". [57]

Key facts

Limiting global warming to 1.5°C compared to 2°C would approximately halve the proportion of the world population expected to suffer water scarcity, although there is considerable variability between regions. Chapter 8: Water Cycle Changes (p. 1063) Generating awareness of these roles and turn- ing them into action will lead to win-win results and increased sustainability and integrity for both human and ecological systems. Wastewater and sludge are increasingly seen as a valuable resource in the circular economy that can provide reliable water and nutrients for food production and recovered energy in various forms. In fact, use of wastewater and sludge is already commonplace, but much is used unsafely without adequate treatment, controls on use or regulatory oversight. Safe use that prevents transmission of excreta-related disease is vital to reduce harms and maximize beneficial use of wastewater and sludge.

Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement in Water And Wastewater Application, edited by Z. Ujang, IWA Proceedings, Malaysia (2003) India has made rapid progress in ending open defecation across the country. The number of people defecating in the open in India has reduced significantly by an estimated 450 million people. However, we all need to ensure sustained use of toilets and hygiene practices at all times. Open defecation has historically been most prevalent among the poorest citizens in the cities or the countryside. promoting school attendance: girls’ school attendance is particularly boosted by the provision of separate sanitary facilities; Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors that are connected to disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise pollution control. According to World health organization (WHO) Environmental sanitation was defined as the control of all those factors in the physical environment which exercise a harmful effect on human being physical development, health and survival. One of the primary function of environmental sanitation is to protect public health.Unsafe sanitation is one of the world's largest health and environmental problems – particularly for the poorest in the world. There are numerous reasons for this gap. A major one is that sanitation is rarely given political attention received by other topics despite its key importance. Sanitation is not high on the international development agenda, and projects such as those relating to water supply projects are emphasised. [56] UNICEF promotes community-based handwashing through a variety of media and through campaigns like Global Handwashing Day, which reaches hundreds of millions of people every year. Our people-based approach has helped entire communities eliminate the dangerous practice of open defecation, many of whom reached Open Defecation Free status in 2019. UNICEF also supports WASH in health care facilities and district-wide WASH interventions, supporting planning and implementation and incorporating behaviour change into state and national guidelines and costed plans. a b "Indicator 6.2.1 - Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water". sdg6monitoring.org. UN Water. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021 . Retrieved 25 February 2021.