The Body in Mind: Understanding Cognitive Processes (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy)

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Brinkhaus B, Witt C. Making better doctors - using mind-body medicine skills as a self-care element in medical education at the Charite University Medical School. Forsch Komplementmed. 2012;19(1):4–6. MBM courses have been evaluated in studies using various self-reported quantitative scores, qualitative surveys, and stress biomarkers. While it was generally found to reduce stress and promote empathy, self-care, and well-being [ 1, 13, 14, 22, 23, 29, 33], results for respective quantitative measures, such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), were not always consistent across studies [ 7, 13, 33]. Maclaughlin BW, Wang D, Noone AM, et al. Stress biomarkers in medical students participating in a mind body medicine skills program. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:950461.

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Quek TT, Tam WW, Tran BX, et al. The global prevalence of anxiety among medical students: a Meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(15):2735. Neumann M, Edelhäuser F, Tauschel D, et al. Empathy decline and its reasons: a systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Acad Med. 2011;86(8):996–1009. Qualitative findings corroborate the quantitative results of increased mindfulness, self-reflection, and empathy, providing a narrative that relates these three outcome values. Students’ accounts of their course experience link their exposure to mindfulness and other MBM practices to increased self-reflection, empathy, and recognition of self in the other. An interdependence between individual and group experiences constitutes the core of these findings, present on three levels. (see Fig. 1):Sociodemographic variables and questionnaire scores were analyzed descriptively. Student’s paired t-test was used to investigate changes in the scores of the above-mentioned questionnaires. Due to its exploratory nature, this study does not determine statistical significance; instead, it attempts to draw conclusions based on a wider picture of quantitative and qualitative data, alongside a triangulation of these datasets. Computed two-sided p-values, where provided, should be regarded as exploratory and are not meant to imply levels of significance. All quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (version 1.0.0.1406). Qualitative data and analysis Hilger-Kolb J, Diehl K, Herr R, et al. Effort-reward imbalance among students at german universities: associations with self-rated health and mental health. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2018;91(8):1011–20. Kraemer KM, Luberto CM, O’Bryan EM, et al. Mind-body skills training to improve distress tolerance in medical students: a pilot study. Teach Learn Med. 2016;28(2):219–28. During 2012–2019, uncontrolled quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from 112 student participants. Outcomes including changes in perceived stress (PSS), mindfulness (FMI/MAAS), self-reflection (GRAS), self-efficacy (GSE), empathy (SPF), and health-related quality of life (SF-12) were measured between the first (T0) and last sessions (T1). Qualitative data were obtained in focus groups at course completion and triangulated with quantitative data.

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Karpowicz SH, Haramati N. Using mind-body medicine for self-awareness and self-care in medical school. J Holist Healthc. 2009;6(Issue 2):p19-22. Saunders PA, Tractenberg RE, Chaterji R. Promoting self-awareness and reflection through an experiential mind-body skills course for first year medical students. Med Teach. 2007;29(8):778–84. At a relational level, students` descriptions of group discourse reflect qualities of individual mental states fostered by MBM mindfulness practices such as openness, non-discursiveness and non-judgemental attitude. Our qualitative findings indicate that the effects of MBM intervention are deeply embedded in the social framework, discourse, and perspective of its practitioners. Consequently, MBM interventions not only affect measurable outcomes, such as mindfulness, perceived stress, and empathy, but may also influence how students relate to themselves and others, the medical field, and their role as doctors. This supports previous qualitative research conducted by Saunders et al. (2017) at GUSOM, who reported meaningful social connections, self-discovery, and an increased valuing of the doctor-patient relationship as central themes of their study. In this study, data triangulation located a central dynamic of these findings in a reciprocative process between self and the other (see Fig. 1) fostered by meaningful encounters between individual participants and the group. Walach H, Buchheld N, Buttenmüller V, et al. Empirische Erfassung der Achtsamkeit - Die Konstruktion des Freiburger Fragebogens zur Achtsamkeit (FFA) und weitere Validierungsstudien. In: Heidenreich T, Michalak J, editors. Achtsamkeit und Akzeptanz in der Psychotherapie. Tübingen: dgvt; 2004. p. 727–65.Learning about MBM and CIM as disciplines of modern medicine was reported as a primary motivation for course enrollment. Some participants sought to acquire proficiency in MBM techniques as tools for their future patient care. Students reported increased knowledge of MBM techniques as a main benefit of the course, emphasizing the value of practical experience. New perspectives on the value of MBM and CIM gained through the course led to what students described as a broader, “more holistic” view of the scope of medical practice and the relationship between healthcare professionals and their patients. Triangulation—experiences of self and the other At baseline, participants scored about one standard deviation above the mean of the standard PSS for German students [ 21], indicating a high stress load (see Table 3).